Generation 3

Svidri Heytsson had the following child:

4.

i.

SVEIDI SVIDRASSON (son of Svidri Heytsson) was born in Raumsdal, Telemark, Norway.

Generation 4

4.

SVEIDI SVIDRASSON (Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson) was born in Raumsdal, Telemark, Norway.

Notes for Sveidi Svidrasson:

The Orkneyinga Saga says that the father of Sveidi was Heiti Gorsson,skipping Svidri in the lineage.

Source:http://www.geocities.com/missourimule_2000/kingsoffinland.html#Family:%20Sveidi%20%22Sea%20King%22%20Svidrasson

Sveidi Svidrasson had the following child:

5.

i.

HALFDAN VANHA SVEIDASSON (son of Sveidi Svidrasson) was born about 750 AD in Norway.

Generation 5

5.

HALFDAN VANHA SVEIDASSON (Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson) was born about 750 AD in Norway.

Notes for Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson:

Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson "the Old" was Jarl (Earl) of the Uplands inNorway. This was sometime in the late 700's, and his culture was thatof the Viking life. Little is known now of the breath of his travels,but his significance is obvious to have had his name captured inwritten history. This is a pre-Christian era for that part of theworld, and It may safely be assumed that these Vikings were prettymuch barbaric and pagan.

Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson is my 34th great grandfather. Likewise, heis the 39th great grandfather of my son-in-law, Steven OdisWestmoreland, which makes my daughter, Tiffany Lenn Sharpe, athirty-fourth cousin, four times removed to her husband! So, fromearly beginnings, our two families were meant to intermingle,obviously.

This family line ties into the Westmoreland family line at the pointof French born English King Henry II (1133-1189). Halfdan VanhaSveidasson is the 10th great grandfather of Henry. However, theearliest man in the Westmoreland line is Henry's 35th greatgrandfather, Godwulf, a Germanic-Scandanian man. Godwulf was bornabout 80 AD. He heads the longest genealogical line recorded in myrecords, covering 67 generations. That shows that a generationaverages about 29 years in that family. In Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson'scase, he represents 36 generations that average about 35 years pergeneration. A generation is the time between a person's birth and thefirst child given issue by that person.

King Henry II came from the Plantagenet (pronounced plan TAJ uh niht),which was the family name of a line of kings that ruled England from1154 to 1399. These kings descended from the marriage of Matilda,daughter of King Henry I, to Geoffrey, count of Anjou, France.Geoffrey was nicknamed Plantagenet because he wore a sprig of thebroom (genet) plant in his cap. Numerous historians also call thesekings Angevins, meaning from Anjou. The Plantagenet dynasty beganwith Henry II, son of Matilda and Geoffrey. Henry is

Generation 5

my 9th cousin,24 times removed, as well as the 14th great grandfather of the firsthusband of Alice Carpenter, my seven times great grandmother.

Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson truly is a character of significance in theworld in which he was a citizen and in the lline of our family.

Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson had the following child:

6.

i.

IVAR HALFDANSSON (son of Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson) was born in Oppland, Norway. He married Eysteinsdatter in Oppland, Norway. She was born about 785 AD in Trondeim, Norway.

Generation 6

6.

IVAR HALFDANSSON (Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson) was born in Oppland, Norway. He married Eysteinsdatter in Oppland, Norway. She was born about 785 AD in Trondeim, Norway.

Notes for Ivar Halfdansson:

Ivar "the Great" was Jarl of the Uplands. He was living around 800,but we do not have birth and death dates on him. He is mythirty-third great grandfather.

Ivar Halfdansson and Eysteinsdatter had the following child:

7.

i.

EYSTEIN GLUMRA IVARSSON (son of Ivar Halfdansson and Eysteinsdatter) was born in 788 AD in Maer, Nord Trondelag, Norway. He died about 872 AD in Norway. He married ASEDA ROGNVALDSDATTER. She was born about 804 AD in Maer, Nord Trondelag, Norway.

Generation 7

7.

EYSTEIN GLUMRA IVARSSON (Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson) was born in 788 AD in Maer, Nord Trondelag, Norway. He died about 872 AD in Norway. He married ASEDA ROGNVALDSDATTER. She was born about 804 AD in Maer, Nord Trondelag, Norway.

Notes for Eystein Glumra Ivarsson:

Eystein Glumra Ivarsson was Earl or Jarl of the Uplands about the year810 AD. Eystein is the ancestor the Abney's have in common with theline of William the Conqueror. He is Williams's sixth greatgrandfather and my 32nd great grandfather. Eystein's title is Earl ofHendemarken. He was known as `the Noisy,' possibly an aka for Eyesteinof ORKNEY

Source:http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~jamesdow/s052/f280253.htm

Eystein Glumra Ivarsson is the 25th great grandfather of the firstPresident of the United States, General George Washington. He is the29th great grandfather of President Abraham Lincoln. Glumra Ivarssonis my 32nd great grandfather.

Eystein Glumra Ivarsson is the ancestor in common between my daughter,Tiffany Lenn Sharpe Westmoreland and her husband, Steven O.Westmoreland. They are related to each other as 34th cousins, fourtimes removed, as well as by husband and wife status.

Eystein Glumra Ivarsson and Aseda Rognvaldsdatter had the following children:

8.

i.

RAGNVALD I EYSTEINSSON (son of Eystein Glumra Ivarsson and Aseda

Generation 7

Rognvaldsdatter) was born about 830 AD in Maer, Nord Trondelag, Norway. He died in 890 AD in Orkney, Orkney Islands, Scotland. He married (1) RAGNHILD HROLFSDOTTER (daughter of Hrolf Nefia) about 844 AD. She was born in Maer, Nord Trondelag, Norway. He married (2) GROA about 850 AD.

ii.

SIGURD I EKYSTEINSSON (son of Eystein Glumra Ivarsson and Aseda Rognvaldsdatter) was born about 832 AD in Maer, Nord Trondelag, Norway. He died in 874 AD in Orkney, Orkney Islands, Scotland.

Notes for Sigurd I Ekysteinsson:

Sigurd was given Orkney and Shetland Islands by his brother, Rangwald.He became Earl over them. He plundered Scotland and subdued Eaithesand Sutherland in partnership with Thorestein "the Red" and killedMelbrige Tooth, a Scottish Earl, hung his head on his saddle bow, butthe teeth which were sticking out scratched his leg, creating a woundwhich became inflamed and caused his death.

9.

iii.

MALAHULC EYSTEINSSON (son of Eystein Glumra Ivarsson and Aseda Rognvaldsdatter) was born about 845 AD in Maer, Nord Trondelag, Norway.

iv.

SWANHILD EKYSTEINSDTTER (daughter of Eystein Glumra Ivarsson and Aseda Rognvaldsdatter) was born about 850 AD in Maer, Nord Trondelag, Norway. She married HARALD.

Generation 8

8.

RAGNVALD I EYSTEINSSON (Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson) was born about 830 AD in Maer, Nord Trondelag, Norway. He died in 890 AD in Orkney, Orkney Islands, Scotland. He married (1) RAGNHILD HROLFSDOTTER (daughter of Hrolf Nefia) about 844 AD. She was born in Maer, Nord Trondelag, Norway. He married (2) GROA about 850 AD.

Notes for Ragnvald I Eysteinsson:

Ragnvald I Eysteinsson was also known as Ragnvald the Might orRagnvald the Wise. He was Jarl of the Uplands. He became one of KingHarald's men in 866. Rangwold gave the king the name of Harfager (FairHair). Ragnvald defeated Solve Kold of More and King Novke of Romsdalat the Battle of Solskel in 867. He was given those districts by KingHarald "Fair Hair." So, he is the earliest of the Kings of Finlandthat we list at this time.

He represents the descendants of Eystein Glumra Ivarsson who foundtheir way into Royalty, chiefly English Royalty, and later intoAmerican history leadership.

Ragnvald I Eysteinsson and Ragnhild Hrolfsdotter had the following children:

i.

HALLAD (son of Ragnvald I Eysteinsson and Ragnhild Hrolfsdotter).

Notes for Hallad:

Hallad was said to have been born by a concubine. He was made Earl ofOrkney after his brother's return. He was grown when Rollo was born.

ii.

EINAR (son of Ragnvald I Eysteinsson and Ragnhild Hrolfsdotter).

Generation 8

Notes for Einar:

Ragnvald was said to have been born by a concubine. He was made Earlof Orkney after his brother's return, having been grown when Rollo wasborn.

iii.

HROLLAUG (son of Ragnvald I Eysteinsson and Ragnhild Hrolfsdotter).

Notes for Hrollaug:

He was a Viking Chief, also born by a concubine.

iv.

THORER (son of Ragnvald I Eysteinsson and Ragnhild Hrolfsdotter). He married ARLOF.

Notes for Thorer:

Jarl of More after his father's death. His wife was daughter of theKing.

v.

IVAR (son of Ragnvald I Eysteinsson and Ragnhild Hrolfsdotter).

Notes for Ivar:

Ivar aided King Harald in his search for the Vikings. He was killedon a plundering expedition.

10.

vi.

GANGER ROLF (son of Ragnvald I Eysteinsson and Ragnhild Hrolfsdotter). He died in 927 AD. He married POPPA.

Notes for Groa:

"Groa is often mentioned as a concubine. At this time, a concubine wasa wife of lesser importance, often the daughter of a slave or servant.In the Orkneyinga Saga Ragnvald is quoted as telling his son, Einar,'Considering the kind of mother you have; slave born on each side ofher family, you're not likely to make much of a ruler. But I agree;the sooner you leave and the later you return, the happier I'll be.'"

Source:http://www.geocities.com/missourimule_2000/kingsoffinland.html

Ragnvald I Eysteinsson and Groa had the following children:

vii.

HALLAD ROGNVALDSON EYSTEINSSON (son of Ragnvald I Eysteinsson and Groa) was born about 851 AD.

viii.

EINAR ROGNVALDSSON (son of Ragnvald I Eysteinsson and Groa) was born about 852 AD in Raumsdal, Telemark, Norway. He died about 910 AD in Orkney, Orkney Islands, Scotland.

Notes for Einar Rognvaldsson:

He sometimes was called "Turf" or "Torfeinar."

Source:http://www.geocities.com/missourimule_2000/kingsoffinland.html

ix.

HROLLAUG ROGNVALDSSON (son of Ragnvald I Eysteinsson and Groa) was born about 853 AD.

Generation 8

9.

MALAHULC EYSTEINSSON (Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson) was born about 845 AD in Maer, Nord Trondelag, Norway.

Notes for Malahulc Eysteinsson:

He went with his nephew, Rollo (or Rolf) to Normandy. He was thefounder of the family of Viscounts de St. Sauveur in the Cotentin(from whom the Abney's descend) and the families of Toeni or Conchesand Viscounts of Bayeux (both lines of which tie into the Abney's)

Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Malahulc's father, is the key ancestor who isin common between me and many, many of the famous Royalty and AmericanHistory leaders who are cited in these writings as relatives in ourfamily.

Malahulc Eysteinsson had the following children:

11.

i.

RICHARD DE ST. SAUVEUR (son of Malahulc Eysteinsson).

ii.

HUGH DE CAVALCAMP (son of Malahulc Eysteinsson) was born about 890 AD in Dieppe, Norway.

Generation 9

10.

GANGER ROLF (Ragnvald I Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson). He died in 927 AD. He married POPPA.

Notes for Ganger Rolf:

He was known as Rollo. Also, he was known as "Rollo the Viking."Rollo was outlawed by King Harald, his Uncle. He was banished toHerbrides abound 876. He participated in a Viking attack on Bayeux,where Count Berenger of Bayeux was killed, and the County's daughter,Poppa, was captured and later taken to become Rollo's wife. Rolloobtained the title of the Count of Rouen.

He conquered Normandy and was given title of Duke of Normandy by theCharles III, "the Simple," King of France under the Treaty of St.Claire in 911.

Ganger Rolf and Poppa had the following children:

12.

i.

GERLOC (daughter of Ganger Rolf and Poppa). She died on 14 Oct 962 AD. She married William I of Poitou in 935 AD. He was born about 925 AD. He died on 03 Apr 963 AD.

ii.

WILLIAM (son of Ganger Rolf and Poppa) was born about 891 AD in probably Rouen, France. He died on 17 Dec 942 AD. He married LUITGARDE DE VERMANDOIS. She died in 942 AD. He married SPORTA.

Notes for William:

He was Duke of Normandy. He was murdered by Bothon, the Count ofBessin. Danish born Sporta was his first wife. He had a secondwife, Adelia, and they gave issue, but none of the names are recordedin my records.

Generation 9

11.

RICHARD DE ST. SAUVEUR (Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson).

Notes for Richard de St. Sauveur:

Richard was Viscount of the Cotentin in 933. He was joint LordChannel Islands. He founded the Chapel of St. Sauveur.

Richard de St. Sauveur had the following child:

13.

i.

NEIL (son of Richard de St. Sauveur).

Generation 10

12.

GERLOC (Ganger Rolf, Ragnvald I Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson). She died on 14 Oct 962 AD. She married William I of Poitou in 935 AD. He was born about 925 AD. He died on 03 Apr 963 AD.

Gerloc and William I of Poitou had the following child:

14.

i.

ADELAIDE OF POITOU (daughter of William I of Poitou and Gerloc) was born in 945 AD. She married Hugh Capet (son of Hugh Magnus and Hedwig) in 968 AD. He was born in 941 AD. He died on 24 Oct 996 AD in Les Juifs, Charres France.

13.

NEIL (Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson).

Notes for Neil:

Neil was Viscount de St. Sauveur. He was joint Lord of ChannelIsland.

Neil had the following child:

15.

i.

ROGER DE ST. SAUVEUR (son of Neil) was born about 945 AD in Saint-Sauveur, Ouilly-le-Vicomte, Basse-Normandie, France. He died in 1014 in St Sauveur, Manche, Basse-Normandie, France.

Generation 11

14.

ADELAIDE OF POITOU (Gerloc, Ganger Rolf, Ragnvald I Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,William I of Poitou) was born in 945 AD. She married Hugh Capet (son of Hugh Magnus and Hedwig) in 968 AD. He was born in 941 AD. He died on 24 Oct 996 AD in Les Juifs, Charres France.

Notes for Hugh Capet:

Hugh Capet was the first of the Capetian Kings of France.(Ancesterial Roots of Certain American Colonists, , Walter LeeShepard, Jr., 1992, p. 56, line 53-20)

Adelaide of Poitou and Hugh Capet had the following children:

Generation 11

16.

i.

AGNES (daughter of Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Poitou). She married RICHARD. He was born about 933 AD in Fecamp. He died on 20 Nov 966 AD.

17.

ii.

HEDWIG OF FRANCE (daughter of Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Poitou). She died after 1013. She married REGNIER. He was born about 950 AD. He died in 1013.

18.

iii.

ROBERT (son of Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Poitou) was born on 27 Mar 972 AD in Orleans, France. He died on 20 Jul 1031 in Melun, France. He married (1) CONSTANCE (daughter of William and Adelaide Anjou) in 998 AD. She was born about 986 AD. She died on 25 Jul 1032 in Melun, France. He married (2) BERTHA (daughter of Conrad and Matilda) in 995 AD. She was born about 964 AD.

15.

ROGER DE ST. SAUVEUR (Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson) was born about 945 AD in Saint-Sauveur, Ouilly-le-Vicomte, Basse-Normandie, France. He died in 1014 in St Sauveur, Manche, Basse-Normandie, France.

Notes for Roger de St. Sauveur:

He enlarged the Chapel of St. Sauveur. Here its about that faciility.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte 

ROGER [I] (-after [990/1000]). A charter dated to [1136] records donations to the abbey of Saint-Sauveur, which it states was first constructed "tempore vetuli Ricardi comitis" (Richard II Duke of Normandy) "et Rogeri vicecomitis"[1391].

Roger de St. Sauveur had the following children:

19.

i.

NIGEL DE ST. SAUVEUR (son of Roger de St. Sauveur). He married HELENA. He married HELENA.

ii.

HAMON AUX DENTS (son of Roger de St. Sauveur).

Notes for Hamon aux Dents:

Hamon and Neil were twins. He was Lord of Crueli, Dapifer of DukeRobert of Normandy. He married his God child.

Generation 12

16.

AGNES (Adelaide of Poitou, Gerloc, Ganger Rolf, Ragnvald I Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Hugh Capet, Hugh Magnus, Robert). She married RICHARD. He was born about 933 AD in Fecamp. He died on 20 Nov 966 AD.

Notes for Agnes:

She was Richard's second wife. His first and third marriages were tothe same woman, Gunnor.

Generation 12

Notes for Richard:

He was named his father's heir May 29, 942. He also was known asRichard, the Fearless. (Ancestoral Roots of Certain AmericanColonists, P. 110, Line 121E-20)

Richard I, called Richard the Good, is my third cousin, 30 timesremoved.

Richard I is the ancestor common to William the Conqueror and EdwardIII. William is to be the Norman King who conquerored England to takethe English crown after Edward III, his first cousin, once removed,had died. Richard is my third cousin, 30 times removed.

Agnes and Richard had the following child:

20.

i.

RICHARD (son of Richard and Agnes). He died on 28 Aug 1026. He married (1) JUDITH (daughter of Conan and Ermangarde) about 1000 AD. She was born about 982 AD. She died in 1017. He married (2) ASTRID (daughter of Swen) between 1000 AD-1024. He married (3) POPPA about 1024.

17.

HEDWIG OF FRANCE (Adelaide of Poitou, Gerloc, Ganger Rolf, Ragnvald I Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Hugh Capet, Hugh Magnus, Robert). She died after 1013. She married REGNIER. He was born about 950 AD. He died in 1013.

Hedwig of France and Regnier had the following child:

i.

BEATRIX OF HAINAULT (daughter of Regnier and Hedwig of France). She married MANASSES CALVA ASINA. She married EBLES. He died in May 1033.

18.

ROBERT (Adelaide of Poitou, Gerloc, Ganger Rolf, Ragnvald I Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Hugh Capet, Hugh Magnus, Robert) was born on 27 Mar 972 AD in Orleans, France. He died on 20 Jul 1031 in Melun, France. He married (1) CONSTANCE (daughter of William and Adelaide Anjou) in 998 AD. She was born about 986 AD. She died on 25 Jul 1032 in Melun, France. He married (2) BERTHA (daughter of Conrad and Matilda) in 995 AD. She was born about 964 AD.

Notes for Constance:

Constance was Robert's third wife. The names of the first two are notrecorded in these files.

Robert and Constance had the following children:

i.

ADELA (daughter of Robert and Constance). She married BALDWIN.

21.

ii.

HENRY (son of Robert and Constance) was born in 1008. He died on 04 Aug 1060 in Vitry-en-Brie, France. He married (1) ANNE (daughter of Jaroslaus and Ingegard) on 19 May 1051 in Riems, Germany. She was born in 1036 in La-Ferte-Alais. She died after 1075. He married (2) MATILDA (daughter of Mgve Liudorf) after 1030. She died in 1044.

19.

NIGEL DE ST. SAUVEUR (Roger de St. Sauveur, Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson). He married HELENA. He married HELENA.

Generation 12

Nigel de St. Sauveur and Helena had the following children:

22.

i.

NEIL DE ST. SAUVEUR (son of Nigel de St. Sauveur and Helena). He married ADELA.

ii.

ALBREDA (son of Nigel de St. Sauveur and Helena). He married MAUGHER ST. SAUEUR.

Generation 13

20.

RICHARD (Agnes, Adelaide of Poitou, Gerloc, Ganger Rolf, Ragnvald I Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Richard). He died on 28 Aug 1026. He married (1) JUDITH (daughter of Conan and Ermangarde) about 1000 AD. She was born about 982 AD. She died in 1017. He married (2) ASTRID (daughter of Swen) between 1000 AD-1024. He married (3) POPPA about 1024.

Notes for Richard:

Duke of Normandy.

Richard had many children by his first wife, Judith, and his thirdwife, Poppa. However, the only issue for whom we have a name isJudith's son, Robert I.

Notes for Judith:

Judith of Brittany.

Richard and Judith had the following children:

i.

RICHARD (son of Richard and Judith). He died in 1028.

Notes for Richard:

Was Duke of Normandy and was succeeded by his brother, Robert.

ii.

ELEANOR (daughter of Richard and Judith). She married BALDWIN.

23.

iii.

ROBERT (son of Richard and Judith). He died in Jul 1035. He married HERLEVA. She was born in Falasia, France.

iv.

ADELAIDE (daughter of Richard and Judith). She married REYNOLD.

v.

HELENA (daughter of Richard and Judith). She married NIGEL DE ST. SAUVEUR. She married ROGER DE TOENI.

vi.

ALBREDA (son of Richard and Judith).

vii.

ROBERT (son of Richard and Judith). He died on 22 Jul 1035. He married ARLETTE.

21.

HENRY (Robert, Adelaide of Poitou, Gerloc, Ganger Rolf, Ragnvald I Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Robert, Hugh Capet, Hugh Magnus, Robert) was

Generation 13

born in 1008. He died on 04 Aug 1060 in Vitry-en-Brie, France. He married (1) ANNE (daughter of Jaroslaus and Ingegard) on 19 May 1051 in Riems, Germany. She was born in 1036 in La-Ferte-Alais. She died after 1075. He married (2) MATILDA (daughter of Mgve Liudorf) after 1030. She died in 1044.

Notes for Henry:

Henry is my fifth cousin, twenty-eight times removed. He was King ofFrance from 1031 to 1060, was born about 1008, died in 1060 inVitry-aux-Loges (Vitry-en-Brie), buried at St. Denis. He was the Dukeof Burgundy 1015-1031. He is the least-known of all the CapetianKings; no one wrote about him in his lifetime, and the destruction ofthe archives shortly after his time has left a huge blank over thisperiod. All that is known is that his mother, Queen Constance,contested his right to the throne, which she wanted to go to Robert.This resulted in a war between the two brothers, of which little isknown. Henry won it by buying the support of his vassals, which costhim French Vexin and the total renunciation of the duchy of Burgundyin favor of his brother, in 1034.

Without the benefit of the coronation it is likely that Henry, whoappears to have been a mediocre man, would have been brushed aside.But the anointing brought him respect and won time for concessions.Managing to remain in power is after all a sign of stability, anddespite the obscurity of his reign it saw a strengthening of thedynasty. He was crowned co-king with his father in 1026.

He married (1) Matilda,daughter of Emperor Conrad II, niece ofEmperor Henry II. of Germany. The most interesting aspect of Henry'slife was his attempt to bring about a Franco-Russian alliance bymarriage. According to one record he then married (2) Matilda,daughter of Mgve Liudorf of Friesland. After the death of his secondwife Matilda in 1044, he married, rather late in life in Riems in1051, (3) Anne of Kiev, daughter of Yaroslav, the Russian head ofstate, and granddaughter of Valdimir I of Kiev, in Russia.

Source: http://www.xpda.com/family/ind01922.htm

Notes for Anne:

Anne was Henry's third wife. She was the daughter of Yaroslav, theRussian head of state, and granddaughter of Valdimir I of Kiev, inRussia.

Source: http://www.xpda.com/family/ind01922.htm

Henry and Anne had the following children:

24.

i.

HUGH MAGNUS (son of Henry and Anne) was born in 1053 in Of, Vermandois, France. He died in 1101. He married ADELAIDE DE VERMANDOIS.

25.

ii.

PHILIPPE (son of Henry and Anne) was born on 23 May 1052 in Reims, Champagne, France. He died on 29 Jul 1108 in the Castle of Melun, France.

iii.

EMMA (daughter of Henry and Anne) was born in 1054 in Of, Vermandois, France.

iv.

ROBERT (son of Henry and Anne) was born in 1055 in Of, Vermandois, France.

Notes for Robert:

Generation 13

Also carried the title of Duke of Burgandy.

Source:http://gedcom.surnames.com/linkswiler_jane/i0003109.htm#i3109

22.

NEIL DE ST. SAUVEUR (Nigel de St. Sauveur, Roger de St. Sauveur, Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson). He married ADELA.

Notes for Neil de St. Sauveur:

Neil succeeded to his father's estates in 1040 as Viscount of theCotentin. He revolted with other barons against Duke William ofNormandy in 047. He was banished by the Duke and settled atd'Aubigney in Brittany. Later, he was pardoned and the estates wererestored.

Neil de St. Sauveur and Adela had the following children:

26.

i.

WILLIAM ALBINI (son of Neil de St. Sauveur and Adela). He married ADELICA. He married FLESIS.

ii.

NEIL DE ST. SAUVEUR (son of Neil de St. Sauveur and Adela). He died in 1074.

Notes for Neil de St. Sauveur:

Viscount of the Cotentin

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23.

ROBERT (Helena, Helena, Nigel de St. Sauveur, Roger de St. Sauveur, Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Richard, Richard). He died in Jul 1035. He married HERLEVA. She was born in Falasia, France.

Notes for Robert:

Robert was know as "the Magnificent" and "the Devil." He succeededhis brother, Richard III, as Duke of Normandy. He died whilereturning on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.

Notes for Herleva:

She was of Danish origin.

Robert and Herleva had the following children:

27.

i.

WILLIAM (son of Robert and Herleva) was born in 1027 in Falaise, France. He died on 09 Sep 1087 in Rouen, England. He married Matilda between 1051-1053 in France. She was born in 1032. She died on 03 Nov 1083.

28.

ii.

ADELAIDE (daughter of Robert and Herleva) was born about 1030. She died before 1090. She married LAMBERT. He died in 1054 in The battle of Lille. She married ENGUERRAND. He died in 1053 in The siege of Arques. She married EUDES.

24.

HUGH MAGNUS (Henry, Robert, Adelaide of Poitou, Gerloc, Ganger Rolf, Ragnvald I

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Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Henry, Robert, Hugh Capet, Hugh Magnus, Robert) was born in 1053 in Of, Vermandois, France. He died in 1101. He married ADELAIDE DE VERMANDOIS.

Hugh Magnus and Adelaide de Vermandois had the following child:

29.

i.

ISABEL DE VERMANDOIS (daughter of Hugh Magnus and Adelaide de Vermandois). She died on 13 Feb 1131. She married ROBERT DE BEAUMONT. He died on 05 Jun 1118.

25.

PHILIPPE (Henry, Robert, Adelaide of Poitou, Gerloc, Ganger Rolf, Ragnvald I Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Henry, Robert, Hugh Capet, Hugh Magnus, Robert) was born on 23 May 1052 in Reims, Champagne, France. He died on 29 Jul 1108 in the Castle of Melun, France.

Notes for Philippe:

Philippe is my sixth cousin, 27 times removed. Philippe is the fifthgreat grand son of Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, who is the 32nd greatgrandfather of mine. Eystein Glumra Ivarsson is our ancestor incommon. Philippe is a second cousin, once removed to King William theConquer.

Philippe is a first cousin, 32 times removed to my son-in-law, StevenO. Westmoreland. This makes our daughter, Tiffany Lenn SharpeWestmoreland a 6th cousin, 28 times removed to Philippe.

"Philip I (23 May 1052 ? 29 July 1108), called The Amorous[1] was Kingof France from 1060 to his death. His reign, like that of most of theearly Direct Capetians, was extraordinarily long for the time. Themonarchy began a modest recovery from the low it reached in the reignof his father and he added to the royal demesne the Vexin and Bourges.

"Philip was the son of Henry I and Anne of Kiev. His name was of Greekorigin, being derived from Philippos, meaning "lover of horses". Itwas rather exotic for Western Europe at the time and was bestowed uponhim by his Eastern European mother. Although he was crowned king atthe age of seven, until age fourteen (1066) his mother acted asregent, the first queen of France ever to do so. Her co-regent wasBaldwin V of Flanders.

Philip first married Bertha, daughter of Floris I, Count of Holland,in 1072. Although the marriage produced the necessary heir, Philipfell in love with Bertrade de Montfort, the wife of Count Fulk IV ofAnjou. He repudiated Bertha (claiming she was too fat) and marriedBertrade on 15 May 1092. In 1094, he was excommunicated by Hugh,Archbishop of Lyon, for the first time; after a long silence, PopeUrban II repeated the excommunication at the Council of Clermont inNovember 1095. Several times the ban was lifted as Philip promised topart with Bertrade, but he always returned to her, and after 1104, theban was not repeated. In France, the king was opposed by Bishop Ivo ofChartres, a famous jurist.

Philip appointed Alberic first Constable of France in 1060. A greatpart of his reign, like his father's, was spent putting down revoltsby his power-hungry vassals. In 1077, he made peace with William theConqueror, who gave up attempting the conquest of Brittany. In 1082,Philip I expanded his demesne with the annexation of the Vexin. Thenin 1100, he took control of Bourges.

"It was at the aforementioned Council of Clermont that the FirstCrusade was launched.

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Philip at first did not personally support itbecause of his conflict with Urban II. The pope would not have allowedhim to participate anyway, as he had reaffirmed Philip'sexcommunication at the said council. Philip's brother Hugh ofVermandois, however, was a major participant.

"Philip died in the castle of Melun and was buried per request at themonastery of Saint-BenoÓt-sur-Loire ? and not in St Denis among hisforefathers. He was succeeded by his son, Louis VI, whose successionwas, however, not uncontested."

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I_of_France

Philippe had the following child:

30.

i.

LOUIS (son of Philippe) was born on 01 Dec 1081 in Paris, France. He died on 01 Aug 1137 in Bethisy-Saint-Pierre, France. He married (1) LUCIENNE DE ROCHEFORT (daughter of Guy de Montlhery and Elizabeth dame de Crecy) in 1104. She was born in 1088 in France. She died after 1137. He married ADELAIDE OF MAURIENNE. She was born in 1092. She died on 18 Nov 1154.

26.

WILLIAM ALBINI (Neil de St. Sauveur, Nigel de St. Sauveur, Roger de St. Sauveur, Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson). He married ADELICA. He married FLESIS.

Notes for William Albini:

He settled at Dol in Brittany. He was pincerna of King William I. He married first the Sister of Grimold de Flesis. He is the sixth cousin to King William. Another place indicates his role with King William was to be his Le Botellier or his butler.

William Albini and Adelica had the following child:

31.

i.

WILLIAM ALBINI (son of William Albini and Adelica).

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27.

WILLIAM (Robert, Helena, Helena, Nigel de St. Sauveur, Roger de St. Sauveur, Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Robert, Richard, Richard) was born in 1027 in Falaise, France. He died on 09 Sep 1087 in Rouen, England. He married Matilda between 1051-1053 in France. She was born in 1032. She died on 03 Nov 1083.

Notes for William:

William the Conqueror is my seventh cousin, 26 times removed. The ancestor in common with William and me is the ninth century Norwegian Viking, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson. Glumra Ivarsson is William's sixth great grandfather and Glumra Ivarsson is my 32nd great grandfather on my Mother's Abney side of the family. William is the 17th great grandfather of affluent Englishman Edward Southworth, first husband of Alice Carpenter, on my Father's side of the family. Alice, through her second marriage, is my seventh great grandmother. William is the 31st great grandfather to my Westmoreland grandchildren: Katie, Jack, Lily, Sarah and Sam.

Early in his adult life, he was known as William II, Duke of Normandy. It was later that he became better known as William I, or William the Conqueror, King of England. He subdued rebellious vassals, defeated King Henry I of France at

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Val des Dunes (Henry is William's first cousin, twice removed). William defeated Harold, Saxon King of England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He was crowned King of England on December 22, 1066, according to some reports. Others place the coronation on Christmas day. The coronation was in Westminster Abbey. So, it can be said that this part of our family did not immigrate to England. They conquered it!

"William I, a Frenchman, was the first of many, many English Kings to be crowned in Westminster Abbey. Westminster Abbey marked the scene of many great events in English history. All the English rulers from the time of William the Conqueror, except Edward V and Edward VIII, were crowned there. Technically, William was not the actual first coronation in Westminster. Harold, the counselor to King Edward theConfessor, sought to usurp the crown upon Edward's death, in spite of William's coming to claim it. Harold had a rush job done to crown himself in Westminster Abbey. However, Harold's coronation, in a sense, does not count, as he was not of Royal blood. William was of Royal blood. In fact, William was a first cousin, once removed to King Edward the Confessor.

"What was the background about why William got involved in England?

"King Edward the Confessor (1002?-1066), an Anglo-Saxon king descended from Alfred the Great, was crowned in 1042. As king, Edward lacked influence among England's Anglo-Saxon nobles, because he had lived in the Normandy region of northwestern France before becoming king. Edward's Anglo-Saxon father-in-law, Godwin, Earl of Wessex, tried to dominate Edward's reign. Edward resisted Godwin's efforts by relying on Norman advisers and administrators. Godwin died in 1053.

"King Edward was a pious man. He founded Westminster Abbey in 1042, which was completed in 1065. In 1161, Pope Alexander III canonized Edward (declared him a saint) and gave him the title of Confessor.

"King Richard I is the ancestor common to William I and King Edward. Richard is the great grandfather of William, and the grandfather of Edward

"Edward was childless, and a dispute arose over who should succeed him. His first cousin, once removed, William, Duke of Normandy, claimed Edward had promised him the throne. But when Edward died in1066, the English nobles chose Harold, Godwin's son, as king. William then invaded England, defeated Harold, and was crowned king. So,William rallied the troops and stormed across the English Channel to make claim on Edward's alleged promise to him.

William invaded England on September 28, 1066 and prepared for victory.

"The Battle of Hastings Plans:

"Harold learned that William had landed at Pevensey in the south of England when he was in the north of the country recovering Stamford Bridge and York. He marched his troops south as fast as possible, stopping in London for reinforcements. He took up position at Caldbec Hill, along the Sentlache Ridge, a few miles north of Hastings. As the ridge had deep ravines, streams and marshy ground on either side, Harold blocked William's only road out of the Hastings peninsula so forcing him into a frontal attack. By positioning his army at the top of the hill, he had clear visibility all around him and forced William's army into continually running up the hill to attack. Harold built a shield wall that stretched in rows along the ridge and which was made up of his housecarls, thegns (nobles) and fyrdmen. Being skilled fighters, the housecarls and thegns were positioned in between the fyrdmen who were unskilled, poorly armed and inexperienced peasant soldiers. Harold expected the wall to hold firm against assault and for William's men to tire and weaken from having to attack uphill. This would eventually allow Harold's army to launch a counter-attack with

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relatively fresh troops strong enough to defeat the opponent.

"William was unprepared for Harold's speedy arrival at Caldbec Hill, but quickly gathered his troops and went to meet him at Senlache. His army was divided into three sections, each with a commander. The left section comprised mainly of Bretons, the central section were Norman under William's command, and the right section was made up of the French and Flemish. Each section was divided into three rows - the archers, the infantry and the cavalry. William's plan was to use the archers first to send their arrows into the English ranks, followed by the infantry in hand-to-hand combat and to finally advance with the cavalry who had the height and power of being on horseback. The effect would be a three pronged attack and a gradual build up in power that would demoralize the English.

"THE BATTLE:

"The battle took all day beginning early in the morning of 14th October 1066 with William's archers firing the first arrows into English ranks. William followed up his plan with an attack by the infantry and then by the cavalry, but Harold's army was stronger than expected and William's army sustained many casualties. The Bretons on the left flank panicked due to their lack of experience, the unexpected strength of Harold's army and the noise and confusion. They failed to keep in line and got ahead of the other two sections on their right. In their panic they began to retreat. Harold's less experienced fighters broke rank when they saw the Bretons retreating, and William's army slaughtered them.

"William retreated and regrouped. The second and following assaults went according to William's plan and he supported his troops by joining in the charge on horseback. Both sides became more tired as the day wore on and suffered heavy casualties. As the supply of arrows was running low, William ordered the archers to fire them high into the air for the final assault so that they fell into the rear ranks of the English army. This caused high casualties and the collapse of the English shield wall. The Norman's penetrated the ranks and killed Harold. With the morale of the English troops shattered by the death of their leader, the battle ended in defeat for the English, although the housecarls (the Pingalio) and thegns continued to fight to their deaths. However, more recently, historian Nicholas Hooper criticised Larson and stated that "it is time to debunk the housecarl"; according to Hooper, housecarls were not in effect distinguishable from Saxon thegns, and were mainly retainers who received lands or pay (or both), but without being really a standing army. Hooper asserts that while the Housecarles might well have had superior esprit de corps and more uniform training and equipment than the average Thegn, they would not necessarily have been a clearly defined military elite. Over the following months, William captured Canterbury, Winchester and London.He was crowned king on Christmas Day 1066.

"WHY DID HAROLD LOSE?

"Harold was badly prepared to face William's troops. William had spent months preparing for invasion in a secure position and environment in Normandy. Harold's tenure as king was weak from the time of his accession and, although aware of the threat from Normandy, he was occupied by other events at home.

"William built up his army and support in feudal tradition promising lands in England to those who joined his army and eternal paradise to anyone who died during the battle. He'd also obtained the approval of the Pope in his plans so gaining greater support and turning the invasion into a crusade. The knights were recruited with their own horses, men and equipment. Over the months, William's army was rigorously disciplined and trained before being ready to sail forEngland, but they had to wait until September before having a favorable wind. William's plans suffered a set back when the fleet got caught in a storm and he had to take refuge and regroup in the Sommeestuary. However, as a result, the distance he had to cover in his crossing was considerably shorter and the next opportunity

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he had to sail was at the time when Harold was in the north of England.

"William's decision to land at Pevensey was important. Pevensey was on a lagoon to the west of Hastings and was a scarcely populated area. The lagoon was a shelter from the weather as the ships could be beached high up on the land at high tide. The Hastings peninsula was bordered by Pevensey Lagoon to the west and the River Brede to the east so providing it with natural protection from attack and only one way in and out of the peninsula to the main land in the north.

"William quickly established his presence on the peninsula including building up the Roman Fort at Pevensey and taking Hastings.

"Harold was not so lucky in his plans. Some weeks before the invasion, he had mobilized troops along the coast and sent his navy to the Isle of Wight to intercept William's fleet, but he was unable to keep them there, as they became demoralized waiting for William's army to set sail and concerned about gathering in the harvest in their home towns. Harold disbanded them at the beginning of September and lost many of his ships in the same storm from which William had been forced to take refuge. When he received news that William had landed at Pevensey, Harold was fighting the invasion of Harald Hardrada of Norway in the north.

"Despite his battle plan and his choice of a strategic location, Harold's army was exhausted from having to travel north and fight at Stamford Bridge, and then hastily return south without time to rest. Harold's support from the north was limited, and, although the Earls of Mercia and Northumberland had begun riding south, they turned back when they heard of Harold's death. Except for the housecarls and thegns, Harold's men were not trained and did not have the distant attack advantage of the archers or the power of the cavalry. In accordance with English tradition, those of Harold's army who were on horseback rode to the battle location and then fought on foot while William's cavalry walked to the location and then mounted for battle.

"THE RESULTS

"William was crowned king of England on Christmas Day 1066 (some say December 22 instead). There followed 88 years of Norman rule. The French and English cultures merged and the feudal system was introduced. This led to a tough discipline and training and it took away much of the Anglo-Saxon's freedom and rights. England's strength grew and she became a powerful force in European politics because of her tie with Normandy. Her army and navy were built up as well.

In 1085 William ordered a survey of English assets and this became known as the "Doomsday Book." William's reign was not easy, and there were rebellions which were quickly suppressed, but the Norman Conquest changed the face of England forever."

Source: World Book Encyclopedia, CD version, 1998

AND HERE ARE THE LATEST WORDS!

There is another claim of world significance made for King William I, as learned from the lectures of University of North Carolina English literature professor, Dr. Elliott Engel. Dr. Engel highlighted the historical fact that conquerors of the world traditionally required the conquered peoples to use for language in commerce and in government the language of the conqueror. William the Conqueror chose not to do that. He allowed the conquered English people to continue their language in commerce and in government transactions, while theFrench of the conquerors became commingled, often using French and English words in the same sentences so that people from both backgrounds would understand the

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meanings. These French words, in reality, became embedded into the English language, thus being a major reason that English has evolved into being the language of the world having the largest number of words.

So, it can be said that William the Conqueror is responsible to a large degree for the English language having the largest vocabulary in the world. In Dr. Elliott's 1994 lecture at the Richardson, Texas Civic Center, he said that the Oxford Dictionary then contained about 450,000 words. He said that a complete French dictionary would have about 150,000 words and that a complete Russian dictionary would have about 130,000 words.

"The history of Windsor Castle begins in the year 1070, when William the Conqueror built the original wooden structure located in what is now the inner most point of the castle. William chose the site for its superior military advantages; namely, that attackers would have to battle uphill in order to reach and overtake the castle. Although none of original wooden structure built by William remains in the Windsor Castle of today, the modern Windsor Castle still occupies the same ground. Henry II was the first monarch to transform the wooden fortress to a stronghold of stone, adding a stonewall which stood tall around Windsor Castle England. Parts of this wall can still be seen today."

Source:http://www.destination360.com/europe/uk/windsor-castle.php 

William died September 9, 1087 from wounds received in a battle at Mantes, England. After being wounded he died at Rouen, England.

The New Law of the Land as set down by William the Conqueror and his advisors:

"First that above all things he wishes one God to be revered throughout his whole realm, one faith in Christ to be kept ever inviolate, and peace and security to be preserved between English and Normans.

"We decree also that every freeman shall affirm by oath and compact that he will be loyal to king William both within and without England, that he will preserve with him his lands and honor with all fidelity and defend him against his enemies.

"I will, moreover, that all the men I have brought with me, or who have come after me, shall be protected by my peace and shall dwell in quiet. And if any one of them shall be slain, let the lord of his murderer seize him within five days, if he can; but if he cannot, let him pay me 46 marks of silver so long as his substance avails. And when his substance is exhausted, let the whole hundred in which the murder took place pay what remains in common.

"And let every Frenchman who, in the time of king Edward, my kinsman, was a sharer in the customs of the English, pay what they call "Scotand lot", according to the laws of the English. This decree was ordained in the city of Gloucester.

"We forbid also that any live cattle shall be bought or sold for money except within cities, and this shall be done before three faithful witnesses; nor even anything old without surety and warrant. But if anyone shall do otherwise, let him pay once, and afterwards a second time for a fine.

"It was decreed there that if a Frenchman shall charge an Englishman with perjury or murder or theft or homicide or "ran," as the English call open rapine, which cannot be denied, the Englishman may defend himself, as he shall prefer, either by the ordeal of hot iron or by wager of battle. But if the Englishman be infirm, let him find another who will take his place. If one of them shall be vanquished, he shall pay a fine of 40 shillings to the king. If an Englishman shall charge a Frenchman and be unwilling to prove his accusation, either by

Generation 15

ordeal or by wager of battle, I will, nevertheless, that the Frenchman shall acquit himself by a valid oath.

"This also I command and will, that all shall have and hold the law of the king Edward in respect of their lands and all their possessions, with the addition of those decrees I have ordained for the welfare of the English people.

"Every man who wishes to be considered a freeman shall be in pledge so that his surety shall hold him and hand him over to justice, if he shall offend in any way. And if any such shall escape, let his sureties see to it that they pay forthwith what is charge against him, and let them clear themselves of any complicity in his escape. Let recourse be had to the hundred and shire courts as our predecessors decreed. And those who ought of right to come and are unwilling to appear, shall be summoned once; and, if for the second time they refuse to come, one ox shall be taken from them, and they shall be summoned a third time. And if they do not come the third time, a second ox shall be taken from them. But if they do not come the fourth summons, the man who is unwilling to come shall forfeit from his goods the amount of the charge against him, "ceapgeld" as it is called, and in addition to this a fine to the king.

"I prohibit the sale of any man by another outside the country on pain of a fine to be paid in full to me.

"I also forbid that anyone shall be slain or hanged for any fault, but let his eyes be put out and let him be castrated. And this command shall not be violated under pain of a fine in full to me."

Source: http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/laws.html 

In 1066, Halley's Comet was seen in England May 16 and thought to be abad omen. Later that year Harold II of England died at the Battle of Hastings on October 14. Illustration of Halley's Comet is shown on the Bayeux Tapestry, and the accounts which have been preserved represent it as having then appeared to be four times the size of Venus, and to have shone with a light equal to a quarter of that of the Moon.

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Halley 

It is a positive note for me to discover that the number one priority in William's list of law principles cited above centers upon the worship of God through Christ. The fierceness of William's conquering activities had led me to believe he was pagan, which was the Norman's Norwegians' roots. However, the Roman Catholic Church, the main Church of Europe in those years, apparently had its influence onWilliam in his French Norman rearing.

"Windsor Castle was originally built by William the Conqueror, who reigned from 1066 until his death in 1087. His original wooden castle stood on the site of the present Round Tower ("A"). The castle formed part of his defensive ring of castles surrounding London, the site chosen in part because of its easily defendable position.

"Early in William's reign he had taken possession of a manor in what today is Old Windsor, probably a Saxon royal residence. A short time later between 1070 and 1086, he leased the site of the present castle from the Manor of Clewer and built the first motte-and-bailey castle.The motte is 50-feet high and consists of chalk excavated from a surrounding ditch, which then became a moat.

"At this time the castle was defended by a wooden palisade rather than the thick stone walls seen today. The original plan of William the Conqueror's castle is unknown, but it was

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purely a military base and nothing structural survives from this early period. From that time onwards the castle has remained in continuous use and has undergone numerous additions and improvements. His successor William II is thought to have improved and enlarged the structure, but the Conqueror's youngest son King Henry I was the first sovereign to live within the castle.

"Windsor Castle (51∞29'02?N, 0∞36'16?W) is the largest inhabited castle in the world and the oldest in continuous occupation. Together with Buckingham Palace in London and Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh it is one of the principal official residences of the British monarch. The castle is located in the Berkshire town of Windsor, in the Thames Valley to the west of London.

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle 

Yet, both in Normandy and in England, William was faithful to tradition, and in England, especially, it became a cardinal feature of his administration to respect, and to utilize, the customs of the kingdom he had conquered. This is especially documented in David C. Douglas's book, "William the Conqueror," Chapter 12 (pp. 289-316).

Source: David C. Douglas, "William the Conqueror," University of California Press, C 1964 ISBM 0-520-00350-0 (this book is in my personal library)

Another famous landmark of London, nestled on the River Thames, is the Tower of London.

"According to Shakespeare, in his play Richard III, the Tower of London was first built by Julius Caesar. This supposed Roman origin is, however, just a myth. Its true foundation was in 1078 when William the Conqueror ordered the White Tower to be built. This was as much to protect the Normans from the people of the City of London as to protect London from outside invaders. William ordered the Tower to be built of stone which he had specially imported from France. He chose this location because he considered it to be a strategic point being opposite the site where Earl Godwin had landed in Southwark in 1051during his Saxon rebellion against the Norman influence of Edward the Confessor. It was King Richard the Lion Heart who had the moat dug around the surrounding wall and filled with water from the Thames. The moat was not very successful until Henry III employed a Dutch moat building technique. The moat was drained in 1830, and human bones were in the refuse found at its bottom."

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London 

Notes for Matilda:

Known as Mathilda of Flanders

Source: http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon24.html

William and Matilda had the following children:

32.

i.

ROBERT (son of William and Matilda) was born about 1051. He died on 10 Feb 1134.

ii.

RICHARD (son of William and Matilda) was born before 1056. He died in 1075.

iii.

WILLIAM (son of William and Matilda) was born about 1057. He died on 02 Aug

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1100 in an occasion while hunting in the New Forest.

Notes for William:

William was born the year Macbeth, the King of Scotland, was slain bythe son of King Duncan. William is my eighth cousin, 25 timesremoved.

William II (1057?-1100) became king of England in 1087. He was theson of William I, the Conqueror. William II was called Rufus, meaningred, because of his ruddy complexion. He was an effective andpowerful ruler, but his personal morality and his infringements onchurch rights led the clergy to denounce him and have given him a badreputation among historians.

In 1088, several powerful Norman barons revolted against William. Heput down the revolt and thus strengthened his position as king.Later, he gained control of Normandy by financing the crusadingventures of his brother Robert, Duke of Normandy. He also invadedScotland and brought it under his control in 1097.

William's reign was marked by a bitter quarrel with the Roman CatholicChurch. After the archbishop of Canterbury died in 1089, William didnot appoint a replacement so that he could collect the district'srevenues for himself. When William fell seriously ill in 1093, hewelcomed Anselm as archbishop in order to atone for his sins. Butwhen he recovered his health, he forced Anselm into exile. An arrowshot by a fellow hunter killed William while he was hunting. Theclergy refused to give him a church funeral.

Source: Joel T. Rosenthal, Ph.D., Prof. of History, State Univ. of NewYork, Stony Brook, World Book Encyclopedia CD 1998.

William II earned the nickname Rufus either because of his red hair orhis propensity for anger. William Rufus never married and had nooffspring. The manner in which William the Conqueror divided hispossessions caused turmoil among his sons: his eldest son Robertreceived the duchy of Normandy, William Rufus acquired England, andhis youngest son Henry inherited 5000 pounds of silver. The contentionbetween the brothers may have exerted an influence on the poor lightin which William Rufus was historically portrayed.

Many Norman barons owned property on both sides of the English Channeland found themselves in the midst of a tremendous power play. Hesitantto declare sides, most of the barons eventually aligned with Robertdue to William Rufus' cruelty and avarice. Robert, however, failed tomake an appearance in England and William Rufus quelled the rebellion.He turned his sights to Normandy in 1089, bribing Norman barons forsupport and subsequently eroding his brother's power base. In 1096,Robert, tired of governing and quarreling with his brothers, pawnedNormandy to William Rufus for 10,000 marks to finance his departure tothe Holy Land on the first Crusade. Robert regained possession of theduchy after William Rufus' death in 1100.

William Rufus employed all the powers of the crown to secure wealth.He manipulated feudal law to the benefit of the royal treasury: shirecourts levied heavy fines, confiscation and forfeitures were harshlyenforced, and exorbitant inheritance taxes were imposed. His fiscalpolicies included (and antagonized) the church - William Rufus had norespect for the clergy and they none for him. He bolstered the royalrevenue by leaving sees open and diverting the

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money into his coffers.He treated the Church as nothing more than a rich corporationdeserving of heavy taxing at a time when the Church was gaining ininfluence through the Gregorian reforms of the eleventh century. Aidedby his sharp-witted minister, Ranulf Flambard, William Rufus greatlyprofited from clerical vacancies. The failed appointment andpersecution of Anselm, Abbot of Bec, as the Archbishop of Canterburyin 1093 added fuel to the historical denigration of William II; mostcontemporary writings were done by monks, who cared little for thecrass, blasphemous king.

On August 2, 1100, William Rufus was struck in the eye by an arrow andkilled while hunting. Whether the arrow was a stray shot orpremeditated murder is still under debate. 1066 and All That, a satireon medieval government, remembers William II in a unique manner:"William Rufus was always very angry and red in the face and wastherefore unpopular, so that his death was a Good Thing."

Source:http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon23.html

33.

iv.

ADELA (daughter of William and Matilda) was born about 1062. She died on 08 Mar 1137. She married Stephen in 1080.

v.

CONSTANCE (daughter of William and Matilda) was born about 1066 in Normandy, France. She died on 13 Aug 1090 in St. Melans, Rhedon. She married ALAN FERGAUNT. He died on 13 Oct 1119. She married (2) ALAN in 1086 in Caen.

Notes for Constance:

Constance was born about the year that her father, King William theConqueror, was crowned King of England on Christmas day, 1066.

34.

vi.

HENRY (son of William and Matilda) was born in 1068. He died on 01 Dec 1135. He married (1) MATILDA OF SCOTLAND (daughter of Malcolm III Canmore and Margaret) on 11 Nov 1100. She was born in 1079. She died on 01 May 1118. He married ADELIZA OF LOUVAIN. She was born about 1103. She died on 23 Apr 1151. He married SYBIL CORBET. He married NESTA. He married EADGYTH.

vii.

AGATHA (daughter of William and Matilda) was born after 1068.

Notes for Agatha:

Though Agatha was betrothed three times, she never married.

viii.

ADELIZA (daughter of William and Matilda) was born after 1068.

ix.

CECILY (child of William and Matilda) was born after 1068. Cecily died in 1127.

x.

MATILTA (daughter of William and Matilda) was born after 1068.

28.

ADELAIDE (Robert, Helena, Helena, Nigel de St. Sauveur, Roger de St. Sauveur, Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1

Generation 15

Thorrasson,Robert, Richard, Richard) was born about 1030. She died before 1090. She married LAMBERT. He died in 1054 in The battle of Lille. She married ENGUERRAND. He died in 1053 in The siege of Arques. She married EUDES.

Notes for Lambert:

Lambert of Lens.

Adelaide and Lambert had the following child:

i.

JUDITH OF LENS (daughter of Lambert and Adelaide) was born in 1054. She married WALTHEOF. He died on 31 May 1076 in Winchester, beheaded.

Notes for Eudes:

He was due the title of Count of Champagne, but he was deprived of itby his uncle, Theobad before 1071.

29.

ISABEL DE VERMANDOIS (Hugh Magnus, Henry, Robert, Adelaide of Poitou, Gerloc, Ganger Rolf, Ragnvald I Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Hugh Magnus, Henry, Robert, Hugh Capet, Hugh Magnus, Robert). She died on 13 Feb 1131. She married ROBERT DE BEAUMONT. He died on 05 Jun 1118.

Notes for Isabel de Vermandois:

This was Isabel's first marriage, but we do not have information aboutthe assumed subsequent marriage(s).

Isabel de Vermandois and Robert de Beaumont had the following child:

35.

i.

ROBERT DE BEAUMONT (son of Robert de Beaumont and Isabel de Vermandois) was born in 1104. He died on 05 Apr 1168. He married Amice de Montfort (daughter of Ralph de Gael de Montfort) after Nov 1120.

30.

LOUIS (Philippe, Henry, Robert, Adelaide of Poitou, Gerloc, Ganger Rolf, Ragnvald I Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Philippe, Henry, Robert, Hugh Capet, Hugh Magnus, Robert) was born on 01 Dec 1081 in Paris, France. He died on 01 Aug 1137 in Bethisy-Saint-Pierre, France. He married (1) LUCIENNE DE ROCHEFORT (daughter of Guy de Montlhery and Elizabeth dame de Crecy) in 1104. She was born in 1088 in France. She died after 1137. He married ADELAIDE OF MAURIENNE. She was born in 1092. She died on 18 Nov 1154.

Notes for Louis:

French King Louis VI is my seventh cousin, 26 times removed. Ourancestors in common are Eystein Glumra Ivarsson and AsedaRognvaldsdatter, nineth century Norweign Vikings who are King Louis'sixth great grandparents and my 32nd great grandparents.

"Louis VI, called the Fat (French: le Gros), was King of France from1108 until his death (1137). Chronicles called him 'roi deSaint-Denis'. The first member of the House of Capet to make a lastingcontribution to the centralizing institutions of royal power,[1] Louiswas born in Paris, the son of Philip I and his first wife, Bertha ofHolland. Almost all of his twenty-nine-year reign was spent fightingeither the 'robber barons' who plagued Paris or the Norman

Generation 15

kings ofEngland for their continental possession of Normandy. Nonetheless,Louis VI managed to reinforce his power considerably and became one ofthe first strong kings of France since the division of the CarolingianEmpire. His biography by his constant advisor Abbot Suger of SaintDenis renders him a fully-rounded character to the historian, unlikemost of his predecessors.

"In his youth, Louis fought the duke of Normandy, Robert Curthose, andthe lords of the royal demesne, the Œle de France. He became close toSuger, who became his adviser. He succeeded his father on Philip'sdeath on July 29, 1108. Louis's half-brother prevented him fromreaching Rheims and so he was crowned on August 3 in the cathedral ofOrlÈans by Daimbert, Archbishop of Sens. The archbishop of Reims,Ralph the Green, sent envoys to challenge the validity of thecoronation and anointing, but to no avail.

"On Palm Sunday 1115, Louis was present in Amiens to support thebishop and inhabitants of the city in their conflict with Enguerrand Iof Coucy, one of his vassals, who refused to recognize the granting ofa charter of communal privileges. Louis came with an army to help thecitizens to besiege Castillon (the fortress dominating the city, fromwhich Enguerrand was making punitive expeditions). At the siege, theking took an arrow to his hauberk, but the castle, consideredimpregnable, fell after two years.

"Louis VI died on August 1, 1137, at the castle ofBÈthisy-Saint-Pierre, nearby Senlis and CompiËgne, of dysentery causedby his excesses, which had made him obese. He was interred in SaintDenis Basilica. He was succeeded on the throne by his son Louis VII,called 'the Younger,' who had originally wanted to be a monk."

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France

Notes for Lucienne de Rochefort:

"Lucienne de Rochefort was the first wife of Louis VI of France from1104-1107. The daughter of Guy de Montlhery and Elizabeth, dame deCrecy, she married Louis in 1104 and together they would have onedaughter, Isabelle, born in 1105. Lucienne and Louis did not have anysons, though, and he repudiated her in 1107, a year before he becameking. She later married Guichard IV of Beaujeu, and together they hadtwo children. Lucienne died after 1137."

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucienne_de_Rochefort

Louis and Adelaide of Maurienne had the following child:

i.

LOUIS (son of Louis and Adelaide of Maurienne). He married ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE. She was born in 1123. She died in 1204.

Notes for Louis:

French King Louis VII is my eights cousin, 25 times removed. Ourancestors in common are Eystein Glumra Ivarsson and AsedaRognvaldsdatter, nineth century Norweign Vikings who are King Louis'seventh great grandparents and my 32nd great grandparents.

"Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (French: Louis le Jeune;1120 ? 18 September 1180), was King of France, the son and successorof Louis VI (hence his nickname). He ruled from 1137 until his death.He was a member of the House of Capet. His reign was dominated byfeudal struggles (in particular with the Angevin family), and saw thebeginning of the long feud between France and England. It also saw thebeginning of construction on Notre-Dame

Generation 15

de Paris and the disastrousSecond Crusade.

"The reign of Louis VII was, from the point of view of royal territoryand military power a difficult and unfortunate one. Yet the royalauthority made progress in the parts of France distant from the royaldomains: more direct and more frequent connection was made withdistant vassals, a result largely due to the alliance of the clergywith the crown. Louis VII thus reaped the reward for services renderedthe church during the least successful portion of his reign. Hisgreater accomplishments lie in the development of agriculture,population, commerce, the building of stone fortresses, as well as anintellectual renaissance. Considering the significant disparity ofpolitical leverage and financial resources between Louis VII and hisAngevin rival, not to mention Henry II's superior military skills,Louis VII should be credited with preserving the Capetian dynasty."

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France

31.

WILLIAM ALBINI (William Albini, Neil de St. Sauveur, Nigel de St. Sauveur, Roger de St. Sauveur, Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson).

Notes for William Albini:

William held Stacknorn and Belvoir. He acquired lands in England after the conquest, among which was le Meschin.

William Albini had the following child:

36.

i.

WILLIAM ALBINI (son of William Albini). He married CECELIA BIGOD.

Generation 16

32.

ROBERT (William, Robert, Helena, Helena, Nigel de St. Sauveur, Roger de St. Sauveur, Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,William, Robert, Richard, Richard) was born about 1051. He died on 10 Feb 1134.

Notes for Robert:

Duke of Normandy

Robert had the following child:

i.

WILLAIM (son of Robert).

33.

ADELA (William, Robert, Helena, Helena, Nigel de St. Sauveur, Roger de St. Sauveur, Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,William, Robert, Richard, Richard) was born about 1062. She died on 08 Mar 1137. She married Stephen in 1080.

Adela and Stephen had the following child:

i.

STEPHEN (son of Stephen and Adela) was born in 1097. He died in 1154.

Generation 16

Notes for Stephen:

Stephen was a king of England whose reign was so full of strife thatit came to be known as The Anarchy. Stephen was a son of Adela,daughter of William the Conqueror. He claimed the throne afterWilliam's son King Henry I died in 1135. But Henry's daughter Matildachallenged Stephen's claim. Stephen fought Matilda and her supportersfor most of his reign. Finally, in 1153, Stephen recognized as hissuccessor Matilda's son Henry, who became the first Plantagenet kingas Henry II in 1154.

Stephen was the grandson of William the Conqueror and about half-dozenyears older than his cousin and rival for the throne, Matilda(daughter of Henry I). After his father's death in 1102, Stephen wasraised by his uncle, Henry I. Henry was genuinely fond of Stephen, andgranted his nephew estates on both sides of the English Channel. By1130, Stephen was the richest man in England and Normandy.

Stephen's reign was one of the darkest chapters in English history. Hewas basically a good man - well respected by the barons and closelytied to the church - but possessed a conciliatory character andlimited scope of kingship. Stephen had promised to recognize hiscousin Matilda as lawful heir, but like many of the English/Normannobles, was unwilling to yield the crown to a woman. He receivedrecognition as king by the papacy through the machinations of hisbrother Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester, and gathered supportfrom the barons. Matilda was in Anjou at the time of Henry's death andStephen, in a rare exhibition of resolve, crossed the Channel and wascrowned king by the citizens of London on December 22, 1135.

Stephen's first few years as king were relatively calm but hischaracter flaws were quickly revealed. Soon after his coronation, twobarons each seized a royal castle in different parts of the country;unlike his hot-tempered and vengeful Norman predecessors, Stephenfailed to act against the errant barons. Thus began the slow erosionof Stephen's authority as increasing numbers of barons did little morethan honor their basic feudal obligations to the king. Stephen failedto keep law and order as headstrong barons increasingly seizedproperty illegally. He granted huge tracts of land to the Scottishking to end Scottish and Welsh attacks on the frontiers. He succumbedto an unfavorable treaty with Geoffrey of Anjou to end hostilities inNormandy. Stephen's relationship with the Church also deteriorated: heallowed the Church much judicial latitude (at the cost of royalauthority) but alienated the Church by his persecution of Roger,Bishop of Salisbury in 1139. Stephen's jealous tirade against Rogerand his fellow officials seriously disrupted the administration of therealm.

Matilda, biding her time on the continent, decided the time was rightto assert her hereditary rights. Accompanied by her second husbandGeoffrey of Anjou and her half-brother Robert, Earl of Gloucester,Matilda invaded England in the fall of 1139. The trio dominatedwestern England and joined a rebellion against Stephen in 1141. Robertcaptured Stephen in battle at Lincoln; Stephen's government collapsedand Matilda was recognized as Queen. The contentious and arrogantMatilda quickly angered the citizens of London and was expelled fromthe city. Stephen's forces rallied, captured Robert, and exchanged theEarl for the King. Matilda had been defeated but the successionremained in dispute: Stephen wanted his son Eustace to be named heir,and Matilda wanted her son Henry Fritz, Empress to succeed to thecrown. Civil war continued until Matilda departed for France in1148.The

Generation 16

succession dispute remained an issue, as the virtually independentbarons were reluctant to choose sides from fear of losing personalpower. The problem of succession was resolved in 1153 when Eustacedied and Henry came to England to battle for both his own rights andthose of his mother. The two sides finally reached a compromise withthe Treaty of Wallingford - Stephen would rule unopposed until hisdeath but the throne would pass to Henry of Anjou.

Stephen died less than a year later in 1154. 1066 and All That offersa humorous but accurate account of the civil war: ". . .Stephen andMatilda (or Maud) spent the reign escaping from each other over thesnow in nightgowns. . ." The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle addressed both thevirtues of the man, and the nature of the era: "In the days of thisKing there was nothing but strife, evil, and robbery, for quickly thegreat men who were traitors rose against him. When the traitors sawthat Stephen was a good-humored, kindly, and easy-going man whoinflicted no punishment, then they committed all manner of horriblecrimes . . . And so it lasted for nineteen years while Stephen wasKing, till the land was all undone and darkened with such deeds, andmen said openly that Christ and his angels slept."

Source: http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon25.html

34.

HENRY (William, Robert, Helena, Helena, Nigel de St. Sauveur, Roger de St. Sauveur, Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,William, Robert, Richard, Richard) was born in 1068. He died on 01 Dec 1135. He married (1) MATILDA OF SCOTLAND (daughter of Malcolm III Canmore and Margaret) on 11 Nov 1100. She was born in 1079. She died on 01 May 1118. He married ADELIZA OF LOUVAIN. She was born about 1103. She died on 23 Apr 1151. He married SYBIL CORBET. He married NESTA. He married EADGYTH.

Notes for Henry:

Henry I (1068-1135), a king of England, is the youngest son of William the Conqueror. King Henry is my seventh cousin, 26 times removed. He succeeded his brother King William II in 1100. Henry married Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland and his wife, Margaret, a member of the Saxon royal house of England. This was Henry's fourth marriage. Thus, Henry gained the support of his Saxon subjects and strengthened his descendants' claim to the throne.

"Henry promoted centralized rule and gave the royal courts greater authority. He seized Normandy from his eldest brother, Robert, in1106 and later prevented Robert's son, William, from taking control of what had been his father's lands. After his own son's tragic death by shipwreck, Henry arranged for his daughter, Matilda, to succeed him. But when Henry died, his nephew Stephen became King.

"Henry I, the most resilient of the Norman kings (his reign lasted thirty-five years), was nicknamed "Beauclerc" (fine scholar) for his above average education. During his reign, the differences between English and Norman society began slowly to evaporate. Reforms in the royal treasury system became the foundation upon which later kings built. The stability Henry afforded the throne was offset by problems in succession: his only surviving son, William, was lost in the wreck of the White Ship in November 1120.

"The first years of Henry's reign were concerned with subduing Normandy. William the Conqueror divided his kingdoms between Henry's older brothers, leaving England to William Rufus and Normandy to Robert. Henry inherited no land, but received £5000 in silver. He

Generation 16

played each brother off of the other during their quarrels; both distrusted Henry and subsequently signed a mutual accession treaty barring Henry from the crown. Henry's hope arose when Robert departed for the Holy Land on the First Crusade; should William die, Henry was the obvious heir. Henry was in the woods hunting on the morning of August 2, 1100 when William Rufus was killed by an arrow. His quick movement in securing the crown on August 5 led many to believe he was responsible for his brother's death. In his coronation charter, Henry denounced William's oppressive policies and promising good government in an effort to appease his barons. Robert returned to Normandy a few weeks later, but escaped final defeat until the Battle of Tinchebrai in1106; Robert was captured and lived the remaining twenty-eight years of his life as Henry's prisoner.

"Henry was drawn into controversy with a rapidly expanding Church. Lay investiture, the king's selling of clergy appointments, was heavily opposed by Gregorian reformers in the Church, but was a cornerstone of Norman government. Henry recalled Anselm of Bec to the archbishopric of Canterbury to gain Baronial support, but the stubborn Anselm refused to do homage to Henry for his lands. The situation remained unresolved until Pope Paschal II threatened Henry with excommunication in 1105. He reached a compromise with the papacy: Henry rescinded the king's divine authority in conferring sacred offices, but appointees continued to do homage for their fiefs. In practice, it changed little. The king maintained the deciding voice in appointing ecclesiastical offices, but it a marked a point where kingship became purely secular and subservient in the eyes of the Church.

"By 1106, both the quarrels with the church and the conquest of Normandy were settled and Henry concentrated on expanding royal power. He mixed generosity with violence in motivating allegiance to the crown and appointing loyal and gifted men to administrative positions. By raising men out of obscurity for such appointments, Henry began to rely less on landed Barons as ministers and created a loyal bureaucracy.

"He was deeply involved in continental affairs, and therefore spent almost half of his time in Normandy, prompting him to create the position of justiciar - the most trusted of all the king's officials. The justiciar literally ruled in the king's stead.

"Roger of Salisbury, the first justiciar, was instrumental in organizing an efficient department for collection of royal revenues, the Exchequer. The Exchequer held sessions twice a year for sheriffs and other revenue-collecting officials; these officials appeared before the justiciar, the chancellor, and several clerks to render an account of their finances. The Exchequer was an ingenious device for balancing amounts owed versus amounts paid. Henry gained notoriety for sending out court officials to judge local financial disputes (weakening the feudal courts controlled by local lords) and curbing errant sheriffs (weakening the power bestowed upon the sheriffs by his father).

"The final years of Henry's reign were consumed in war with France and difficulties ensuring the succession. The French King Louis VI began consolidating his kingdom and attacked Normandy unsuccessfully on three separate occasions. The succession became a concern upon the 1120 death of his son, William: Henry's marriage to Adelaide was fruitless, leaving his daughter Matilda as the only surviving legitimate heir. She was recalled to Henry's court in 1125 after the death of her husband, Emperor Henry V of Germany. Henry forced his Barons to swear an oath of allegiance to Matilda in 1127, after he arranged her marriage to the sixteen-year-old Geoffrey of Anjou to cement an Angevin alliance on the continent. The marriage, unpopular with the Norman Barons, produced a male heir in 1133, which prompted yet another reluctant oath of loyalty from the aggravated Barons.

"In the summer of 1135, Geoffrey demanded custody of certain key Norman castles as a show of good will from Henry; Henry refused and the pair entered into war. Henry's life ended in this sorry state of affairs -war with his son-in-law and rebellion on the horizon - in December 1135."

Generation 16

Source: http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon24.html

Notes for Matilda of Scotland:

"Matilda of Scotland was the daughter of Malcolm II of Scotland andhis Anglo-Saxon queen Margaret. Her marriage to Henry I of England in1100 thus brought to Henry, descendant of the conquering Normans, adirect and politically desirable link to Matilda's ancestor Alfred theGreat. Her life makes clear that Matilda had outstanding talents. Shewas educated in the exclusive convents of Romsey and Wilton, agrounding which enabled her to further the literate court culture ofthe twelfth century, and under her control was a substantial demesnethat allowed her to exercise both lay and ecclesiastical patronage. Inthe matter of ruling, she was an active partner in administeringHenry's cross-channel realm, served as a member of his curia regis,and on occasion acted with what amounted to vice-regal authority inEngland while Henry was in Normandy. Chroniclers of the twelfth andthirteenth centuries often refer to her as Mathilda bona regina, orMatildis beatae memoriae, and for a time she was popularly regarded asa saint. She herself was skilled at manipulating those structures

Source:http://www.boydell.co.uk/5115994X.HTM

Henry and Matilda of Scotland had the following children:

37.

i.

EDITH MATILDA (daughter of Henry and Matilda of Scotland) was born in 1101. She died on 07 Sep 1167. She married (1) GEOFFREY on 03 Apr 1127. He was born on 24 Aug 1113 in The Royal Palace in Sutton Courtenay (Berkshire). He died on 07 Sep 1151. She married (2) HENRY on 07 Jan 1114. He was born in 1081. He died in 1125.

ii.

GEOFFREY (son of Geoffrey and Edith Matilda).

iii.

WILLIAM (son of Geoffrey and Edith Matilda).

Henry and Adeliza of Louvain had the following children:

iv.

WILLIAM ALBINI (son of Henry and Adeliza of Louvain). He died on 24 Dec 1196. He married MAUD DE ST. HILARY.

Notes for William Albini:

William was Second Earl of Arundel.

v.

REYNER ALBINI (son of Henry and Adeliza of Louvain).

vi.

HENRY ALBINI (son of Henry and Adeliza of Louvain).

vii.

GODFREY ALBINI (son of Henry and Adeliza of Louvain).

viii.

ALICE ALBINI (daughter of Henry and Adeliza of Louvain). She married COUNT D'EU.

ix.

OLIVIA ALBINI (daughter of Henry and Adeliza of Louvain).

x.

AGATHA ALBINI (daughter of Henry and Adeliza of Louvain).

Generation 16

Henry and Sybil Corbet had the following child:

xi.

REGINALD FITZ ROY (son of Henry and Sybil Corbet). He married MABEL.

35.

ROBERT DE BEAUMONT (Isabel de Vermandois, Hugh Magnus, Henry, Robert, Adelaide of Poitou, Gerloc, Ganger Rolf, Ragnvald I Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Robert de Beaumont) was born in 1104. He died on 05 Apr 1168. He married Amice de Montfort (daughter of Ralph de Gael de Montfort) after Nov 1120.

Robert de Beaumont and Amice de Montfort had the following child:

38.

i.

ROBERT DE BEAUMONT (son of Robert de Beaumont and Amice de Montfort) was born before 1135. He died in 1190 in Durazzo, Greece. He married Petronilla de Grandmesnil (daughter of Hugh de Grandmesnil) about 1155. She died on 01 Apr 1212.

36.

WILLIAM ALBINI (William Albini, William Albini, Neil de St. Sauveur, Nigel de St. Sauveur, Roger de St. Sauveur, Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson). He married CECELIA BIGOD.

Notes for William Albini:

William was called "primus" in the Belvoir Charters. He held le Meschin and half of Stockhorn. He acquired South Perthton in Somersetshire by marriage.

Notes for Cecelia Bigod:

Cecelia was heiress of Belvoir. She held Roger le Courcel's Manor ofSouth Perthton as the gift of King Henry I.

William Albini and Cecelia Bigod had the following children:

39.

i.

ROBERT ALBINI (son of William Albini and Cecelia Bigod). He died in 1205.

ii.

WILLIAM ALBINI (son of William Albini and Cecelia Bigod). He died in 1168 in This was 14 Henry II. He married MAUD ST. LIZ.

Notes for William Albini:

He inherited Belvoir from his mother. He forfeited his estates in time of Stephen, who granted them to Ranulph, Earl of Chester. He was said to be an ancestor of Barons Ros and Lady Abney-Hastings, Countess of London, who held Willesley.

iii.

RALPH ALBINI (son of William Albini and Cecelia Bigod). He died in 1191 in At the siege of Acre on the Third Crusade.. He married SYBIL DE VALOINS.

Notes for Ralph Albini:

Ralph succeeded to South Perthton. He went on the Third Crusade,which is when he died. He was an ancestor of Abney's of SouthPerthton.

Generation 17

37.

EDITH MATILDA (Henry, William, Robert, Helena, Helena, Nigel de St. Sauveur, Roger de St. Sauveur, Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Henry, William, Robert, Richard, Richard) was born in 1101. She died on 07 Sep 1167. She married (1) GEOFFREY on 03 Apr 1127. He was born on 24 Aug 1113 in The Royal Palace in Sutton Courtenay (Berkshire). He died on 07 Sep 1151. She married (2) HENRY on 07 Jan 1114. He was born in 1081. He died in 1125.

Notes for Edith Matilda:

Edith Matilda is my ninth cousin, 24 times removed.

Matilda is the Latin form of Maud, and the name of the only survivinglegitimate child of King Henry I. She was born in 1101, generally itis said at Winchester, but recent research indicates that she wasactually born at the Royal Palace in Sutton Courtenay (Berkshire).

In something of a political coup for her father, Matilda was betrothedto the German Emperor, Henry V, when she was only eight. They weremarried on 7th January 1114. She was twelve and he was thirty-two.Unfortunately there were no children and on the Emperor's death in1125, Matilda was recalled to her father's court.

Matilda's only legitimate brother had been killed in the disastrousWreck of the White Ship in late 1120 and she was now her father's onlyhope for the continuation of his dynasty. The barons swore allegianceto the young Princess and promised to make her queen after herfather's death. She herself needed heirs though and in April 1127,Matilda found herself obliged to marry Prince Geoffrey of Anjou andMaine (the future Geoffrey V, Count of those Regions). He wasthirteen, she twenty-three. It is thought that the two never got on.However, despite this unhappy situation they had had three sons infour years.

Being absent in Anjou at the time of her father's death on 1stDecember 1135, possibly due to pregnancy, Matilda was not in much of aposition to take up the throne which had been promised her and shequickly lost out to her fast-moving cousin, Stephen. With her husband,she attempted to take Normandy. With encouragement from supporters inEngland though, it was not long before Matilda invaded her rightfulEnglish domain and so began a long-standing Civil War from the powerbase of her half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, in the West Country.

After three years of armed struggle, she at last gained the upper handat the Battle of Lincoln, in February 1141, where King Stephen wascaptured. However, despite being declared Queen or "Lady of theEnglish" at Winchester and winning over Stephen's brother, Henry ofBlois, the powerful Bishop of Winchester, Matilda alienated thecitizens of London with her arrogant manner. She failed to secure hercoronation and the Londoners joined a renewed push from Stephen'sQueen and laid siege to the Empress in Winchester. She managed toescape to the West, but while commanding her rearguard, her brotherwas captured by the enemy.

Matilda was obliged to swap Stephen for Robert on 1st November 1141.Thus the King soon reimposed his Royal authority. In 1148, after thedeath of her half-brother, Matilda finally returned to Normandy,leaving her son, who, in 1154, would become Henry II, to fight on inEngland. She died at Rouen on 10th September 1169 and was buried inFontevrault Abbey, though some of her entrails may possibly have beenlater interred in her father's foundation at Reading Abbey.

Source: http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon25a.html

Generation 17

Notes for Geoffrey:

Geoffrey V was born August 24, 1111. He would later marry EdithMatilda, Empress Matilda, the daughter and heiress of King Henry I ofEngland. Matilda is my ninth cousin, 24 times removed.

On August 24, 79 AD, Mount Vesuvius erupted, burying the Roman citiesof Pompeii and Herculaneum in volcanic ash. An estimated 20,000 peopledied. This was 1,034 years to the day of Geoffrey's birthday.

Source:http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/pompeii/

"Geoffrey V,, called the Handsome (French: le Bel) and Plantagenet,was the Count of Anjou, Touraine, and Maine by inheritance from 1129and then Duke of Normandy by conquest from 1144. By his marriage tothe Empress Matilda, daughter and heiress of Henry I of England,Geoffrey had a son, Henry Curtmantle, who succeeded to the Englishthrone and founded the Plantagenet dynasty to which Geoffrey gave hisnickname.

"Geoffrey was the elder son of Fulk V of Anjou and Eremburga of LaFlËche, heiress of Elias I of Maine. Geoffrey received his nicknamefor the yellow sprig of broom blossom (genÍt is the French name forthe genista, or broom shrub) he wore in his hat as a badge. King HenryI of England, having heard good reports on Geoffrey's talents andprowess, sent his royal legates to Anjou to negotiate a marriagebetween Geoffrey and his own daughter, Matilda. Consent was obtainedfrom both parties, and on June 10, 1128 the fifteen-year-old Geoffreywas knighted in Rouen by King Henry in preparation for the wedding.Interestingly, there was no opposition to the marriage from theChurch, despite the fact that Geoffrey's sister was the widow ofMatilda's brother (only son of King Henry) which fact had been used toannul the marriage of another of Geoffrey's sisters to the Normanpretender William Clito."

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Anjou

Edith Matilda and Geoffrey had the following children:

i.

GEOFFREY (son of Geoffrey and Edith Matilda).

ii.

WILLIAM (son of Geoffrey and Edith Matilda).

40.

iii.

HENRY II (son of Geoffrey and Edith Matilda) was born on 05 Mar 1133 in La Mans, France. He died on 06 Jul 1189 in Chinon Castol, Anjou. He married Eleanor of Aquitaine (daughter of William) on 18 May 1152 in Bordeaux Cathedral, Gascony. She was born in 1123. She died in 1204.

Notes for Henry:

Henry was a German Emperor.

38.

ROBERT DE BEAUMONT (Robert de Beaumont, Isabel de Vermandois, Hugh Magnus, Henry, Robert, Adelaide of Poitou, Gerloc, Ganger Rolf, Ragnvald I Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Robert de Beaumont, Robert de Beaumont) was born before 1135. He died in 1190 in Durazzo, Greece. He married Petronilla de Grandmesnil (daughter of Hugh de Grandmesnil) about 1155. She died on 01 Apr 1212.

Generation 17

Notes for Petronilla de Grandmesnil:

She was a great granddaughter of Hugh de Grandmesnil, a companion ofWilliam the Conquerer at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

Robert de Beaumont and Petronilla de Grandmesnil had the following child:

41.

i.

MARGARET DE BEAUMONT (daughter of Robert de Beaumont and Petronilla de Grandmesnil) was born after 1155. She died between 12 Jan-12 Feb 1235. She married Saher de Quincy (son of Robert de Quincy and Orabella) before 1173. He was born in 1155. He died on 03 Nov 1219.

39.

ROBERT ALBINI (William Albini, William Albini, William Albini, Neil de St. Sauveur, Nigel de St. Sauveur, Roger de St. Sauveur, Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson). He died in 1205.

Notes for Robert Albini:

Robert was Lord of Hungerton and Wiwell. He sued William deHerrington for a tenement in Bollington in 1 John (1200). He acquiredan interest at Stoke in the Manor of Hope in the time of King John.

Robert Albini had the following child:

42.

i.

WILLIAM ALBINI OF ABNEY (son of Robert Albini). He married AGNES DE MEYSAM.

Generation 18

40.

HENRY II (William, William, Henry, William, Robert, Helena, Helena, Nigel de St. Sauveur, Roger de St. Sauveur, Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Geoffrey) was born on 05 Mar 1133 in La Mans, France. He died on 06 Jul 1189 in Chinon Castol, Anjou. He married Eleanor of Aquitaine (daughter of William) on 18 May 1152 in Bordeaux Cathedral, Gascony. She was born in 1123. She died in 1204.

Notes for Henry II:

King Henry II, though born in France, became King of England. He came from the Plantagenet, which was the family name of a line of kings that ruled England from 1154 to 1399. These kings descended from the marriage of Matilda, daughter of King Henry I, to Geoffrey, count of Anjou, France. Geoffrey was nicknamed "Plantagenet," because he wore a sprig of the broom (genet) plant in his cap.

Numerous historians also call these kings "Angevins," meaning from Anjou. The Plantagenet dynasty began with Henry II, son of Matilda and Geoffrey. Henry is my 9th cousin, 24 times removed, as well as the 14th great grandfather of Englishman Edward Southworth, the first husband of Alice Carpenter, my seven times great grandmother. My descending from her is through her second husband, Plymouth Colony Governor William Bradford, a Mayflower passenger which came to America in 1620.

Henry II is a pivital point in tying together two ancient ancestries related to our families. He is the 10th great grandson of Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Earle of the Uplands of Norway (an eighth century Viking) and Henry is the 35th great grandson of Godwulf. Godwulf is the 65th great grandfather of my Westmoreland grandchildren, though he is not directly related to me, but through their father, Steve O. Westmoreland. Godwulf is the earliest ancestor to whom any of our modern-day relatives can claim relationship.

Generation 18

Godwulf's descendants travel down through the family line of my son-in-law, Steven O. Westmoreland. Godwulf's birth occurred just months following the event of Mount Vesuvius erupting on August 24, 79 AD, burying the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in volcanic ash. An estimated 20,000 people died.

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius

Henry II was the first King of England to come from the Plantagenet family. He reigned from 1154 until his death in 1189. He became known as the founder of the English system of common law, including introducing the use of juries and other legal procedures we consider common today.

Henry II, first of the Angevin kings, was one of the most effective of all England's monarchs. He came to the throne amid the anarchy of Stephen's reign and promptly collared his errant barons. He refined Norman government and created a capable, self-standing bureaucracy. His energy was equaled only by his ambition and intelligence. Henry survived wars, rebellion, and controversy to successfully rule one of the Middle Ages' most powerful kingdoms.

Now for a little discourse on law:

"Common law is a body of rulings made by judges on the basis of community customs and previous court decisions. It forms an essential part of the legal system of many English-speaking countries, including the United States and Canada. Common law covers such matters as contracts, ownership of property, and the payment of claims for personal injury.

"Early in England's history, judges decided cases according to the way they interpreted the beliefs and unwritten laws of the community. If another judge had ruled in an earlier, similar case, that judge's decision was often used as a precedent (guide). After many judges decided the same question in a similar way, the ruling became law.

"Common law is often contrasted with civil law, a body of rules passed by a legislature. Under civil law, a judge decides a case by following written rules, rather than previous court decisions. Common law also differs from equity, a set of standards developed to allow greater flexibility in court decisions. During the late Middle Ages, England created courts of equity to decide cases that courts of common law might treat too strictly. These courts decided cases by broad principles of justice and fairness, rather than by the rigid standards of common law. The monarch's chancellor presided over a court of equity called the court of chancery.

"The legal system of the United States has developed from English common law and equity. Only one U.S. state, Louisiana, modeled its legal system on civil law. Louisiana used the civil law of France, called the Code Napoleon. During the late 1800's, many state scombined their courts of common law and courts of equity. One group of judges administers the combined courts. In Canada, similarly, only the province of Quebec based its legal system on French law. "

Contributor: David M. O'Brien, Ph.D., Professor. of Government, University. of Virginia, World Book Encyclopedia, 1998.

The marriage of Henry II to Eleanor of Aquitaine made him Duke of Aquitaine at the time. He became King when King Stephen died. He not only ruled over most of France, but claimed Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. It was later that his two sons rebelled against him, and each in his own time became King of England.

Generation 18

Henry II came into conflict with Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, over Henry's attempts to curb the independence of the church. In 1170, four of Henry's knights, believing they were acting on the King's orders, murdered Becket in his cathedral.

From Sir Winston Churchill Kt, 1675: "Henry II Plantagenet, the very first of that name and race, and the very greatest King that England ever knew, but withal the most unfortunate . . . his death being imputed to those only to whom himself had given life, his ungracioussons. . ."

Source:http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon26.html

Though close in time, Henry I, son of William the Conqueror, is not the father of Henry II. Rather Henry I is the grandfather of Henry II.

"The history of Windsor Castle begins in the year 1070, when William the Conqueror built the original wooden structure located in what is now the inner most point of the castle. William chose the site for its superior military advantages; namely, that attackers would have to battle uphill in order to reach and overtake the castle. Although none of original wooden structure built by William remains in the WindsorCastle of today, the modern Windsor Castle still occupies the same ground. However, King Henry II was the first monarch to transform the wooden fortress to a stronghold of stone, adding a stonewall which stood tall around Windsor Castle England. Parts of this wall can still be seen today."

Source:http://www.destination360.com/europe/uk/windsor-castle.php

Notes for Eleanor of Aquitaine:

Eleanor of Aquitaine, pronounced AK wih tayn (1122-1204), was the wifeof King Louis VII of France and later of King Henry II of England.She was also the mother of two English kings, Richard the Lion-Heartedand John. Her control of Aquitaine, then a vast independent statenext to France, made her a central figure in the struggle for powerbetween France and England.

Eleanor was the daughter of William X, Duke of Aquitaine. In 1137,when Eleanor was 15 years old, she inherited Aquitaine. Her land cameunder French control when she married Louis VII later that year.Eleanor and Louis had two daughters. But the lack of a male heircontributed to unhappiness in their marriage, and they agreed to adivorce in 1152.

Within months, Eleanor married Henry Plantagenet, who became KingHenry II of England in 1154. Later, Eleanor and Henry lost affectionfor each other, and she supported a revolt against him in 1173. Therevolt failed and Henry imprisoned Eleanor. Eleanor was freed in1189, after Henry died and Richard became king. Eleanor greatlyinfluenced both Richard and John during their reigns.

Contributor: Marion Meade, M.S., Author, Eleanor of Aquitaine. 1986 CDVersion of the World Book Encyclopedia

Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine had the following children:

i.

HENRY (son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine).

ii.

MATILDA (daughter of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine).

iii.

GEOFFREY (son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine).

Generation 18

iv.

ELEANOR (daughter of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine).

v.

JOAN (daughter of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine).

vi.

RICHARD (son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine) was born on 08 Sep 1157 in Oxford, England, Beaumont Palace. He died on 06 Apr 1199 in Chalus Aquitaine, England, from battle wounds. He married Berengaria (daughter of Sancho and Sancha) on 12 May 1191 in Limassol, Cyprus. She was born between 1165-1170. She died on 23 Dec 1230.

Notes for Richard:

Richard is my 10th cousin, 23 times removed, being related through the Abney family line. Richard led the third one of the Crusades and ruled in England from 1189, succeeding his father on the English throne, Henry II, at his 1189 death.

"He is known in history as Richard the Lion-Hearted, or Richard Coeurde Lion. He was a son of Henry II, the first king of the Plantagenet dynasty, and Eleanor of Aquitaine. After Richard became king, he joined Philip II of France in a crusade to the Holy Land, which then was under the control of the Muslims. Richard captured Acre (now called Akko) but soon realized that Jerusalem could not be recovered.

"During the crusade, Richard aroused the hatred of Leopold V, Duke ofAustria. In 1192, while Richard was on his journey home, Leopold seized him. Leopold kept Richard in a castle as a prisoner of theHoly Roman emperor, Henry VI. Richard was later taken to Henry, whore leased him in 1194 after a ransom was paid.

"Even though Richard was born in Oxford, England, he spent nearly all of his life in France. In 1183, Richard's older brother died.However, their father, Henry II, refused to recognize Richard as heir to the throne of England. Richard rebelled against his father several times.

"Richard finally defeated his father, Henry II, in 1189. As aPlantagenet, Richard had inherited not only England, but also most of northern and western France. While Richard was in prison, Philip I Iseized some of the Plantagenet lands in France. Richard spent the rest of his reign fighting to get the lands back. He left efficient ministers in charge of England while he concentrated on the war withPhilip. In 1199, Richard was killed during the siege of a castle, and his younger brother John became king. "

Source: John Gillingham, Senior Lecturer, London School of Economics and Political Science, Univ. of London, World Book Encyclopedia 1998.

Richard spent but six months of his ten-year reign in England. He acted upon a promise to his father to join the Third Crusade and departed for the Holy Land in 1190 (accompanied by his partner-rivalPhilip II of France). In 1191, he conquered Cyprus en route toJerusalem and performed admirably against Saladin, nearly taking the holy city twice. Philip II, in the meantime, returned to France and schemed with Richard's brother John. The Crusade failed in its primary objective of liberating the Holy Land from Moslem Turks, but did have a positive result - easier access to the region for Christian pilgrims through a truce with Saladin. Richard received word of John's treachery and decided to

Generation 18

return home; he was captured by Leopold V ofAustria and imprisoned by Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI.

The administrative machinery of Henry II insured the continuance of royal authority, as Richard was unable to return to his realm until 1194.Upon his return, he crushed a coup attempt by John and regained lands lost to Philip II during the German captivity. Richard's war withPhilip continued sporadically until the French were finally defeated near Gisors in 1198.

Richard died April 6, 1199, from a wound received in a skirmish at the castle of Chalus in the Limousin. Near his death, Richard finally reconciled his position with his late father, as evidenced by SirRichard Baker in A Chronicle of the Kings of England: "The remorse for his undutifulness towards his father, was living in him till he died; for at his death he remembered it with bewailing, and desired to be buried as near him as might be, perhaps as thinking they should meet the sooner, that he might ask him forgiveness in another world."Richard's prowess and courage in battle earned him the nickname CoeurDe Lion ("heart of the lion"), but the training of his mother's courtis revealed in a verse Richard composed during his German captivity:"No one will tell me the cause of my sorrow. Why they have made me aprisoner here? Wherefore with dolour I now make my moan; Friends hadI many but help have I none. Shameful it is that they leave me to ransom, To languish here two winters long."

Source: http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon27.html 

43.

vii.

JOHN (son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine) was born on 24 Dec 1167 in Beaumont Palace, Oxford, England. He died on 18 Oct 1216 in Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire. He married (1) ISABELLA OF ANGOULEME (daughter of Aymer Taillefer) on 24 Aug 1200 in Bordeaux Cathedral. She was born in 1188. She died on 04 Jun 1246. He married ISABELLA.

41.

MARGARET DE BEAUMONT (Robert de Beaumont, Robert de Beaumont, Isabel de Vermandois, Hugh Magnus, Henry, Robert, Adelaide of Poitou, Gerloc, Ganger Rolf, Ragnvald I Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson,Robert de Beaumont, Robert de Beaumont, Robert de Beaumont) was born after 1155. She died between 12 Jan-12 Feb 1235. She married Saher de Quincy (son of Robert de Quincy and Orabella) before 1173. He was born in 1155. He died on 03 Nov 1219.

Margaret de Beaumont and Saher de Quincy had the following child:

44.

i.

ROGER DE QUINCY (son of Saher de Quincy and Margaret de Beaumont). He died on 25 Apr 1264. He married HELEN OF GALLOWAY.

42.

WILLIAM ALBINI OF ABNEY (Robert Albini, William Albini, William Albini, William Albini, Neil de St. Sauveur, Nigel de St. Sauveur, Roger de St. Sauveur, Neil, Richard de St. Sauveur, Malahulc Eysteinsson, Eystein Glumra Ivarsson, Ivar Halfdansson, Halfdan Vanha Sveidasson, Sveidi Svidrasson, Svidri Heytsson, Heiti Gorsson, Gor1 Thorrasson). He married AGNES DE MEYSAM.

Notes for William Albini of Abney:

William was Lord of Hungerton and Wiwell. He joined with JohnFitzherbert for 4 carcauts on land in Norbury and Rossington in 4 John(1203). He was granted a culture of land by John

Generation 18

Fitzherbert in 34henry III (1350).

William Albini of Abney and Agnes de Meysam had the following child: